COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TYPES: LITERAL, FREE, DYNAMIC

Annotatsiya:

This research examines the principal types of translation—literal, free, and dynamic—and their theoretical foundations within modern translation studies. The analysis
draws upon the works of leading scholars, including Roman Jakobson (1959), who introduced the concept of linguistic equivalence; J. C. Catford (1965), who developed a structural theory of translation shifts; Eugene Nida (1964), who distinguished between formal and dynamic equivalence; and Peter Newmark (1981), who defined semantic and communicative translation. Their models establish the linguistic and functional bases for comparing translation methods. The cultural dimension of translation, emphasized by Lawrence Venuti (1995), extends this
debate to issues of domestication and foreignization, illustrating how translation choices reflect cultural and ideological positioning. Recent empirical studies (e.g., Shakernia, 2014; Mohamed, 2021; Saroukhil, 2018; Alrymayh, 2024) confirm that literal, free, and dynamic translations differ not only in linguistic accuracy but also in communicative and cultural effectiveness. Overall, this research highlights that translation is a multifaceted process requiring balance between fidelity to the source text and adaptability to the target audience, integrating linguistic precision, communicative intent, and cultural awareness.