This study investigates the role of extralinguistic features—emojis, reaction buttons, formatting, response timing, and multimodal resources—in the construction of politeness within online discourse. Unlike traditional spoken interaction, digital communication lacks prosodic and kinesic cues, which prompts interlocutors to employ alternative markers to mitigate face-threatening acts, maintain interpersonal harmony, and reinforce solidarity. Drawing on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory and recent research in computer- mediated communication (Herring, 2013; Graham & Hardaker, 2017), the analysis demonstrates that extralinguistic elements function as compensatory strategies for verbal politeness. Data are drawn from authentic exchanges in WhatsApp, Slack, and Twitter/X, supported by cross-cultural comparison. Results reveal that the pragmatic value of these features is context-dependent and culturally negotiated, highlighting their essential role in contemporary pragmatic competence.
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